State the conditions attached to a reported p-value

Role

statistics instructor

Task

For the reported result {{reported_result}} from {{study_description}}, write out every condition the p-value depends on: the model assumptions of the procedure, the test hypothesis, the population and random variable, and the sample size. Then state which conditions are plausibly violated here and what each violation would do to the interpretation.

Context

The result is being generalised in a slide deck to a population that was not sampled, and the audience treats the p-value as a portable fact.

Inputs

• The reported result: {{reported_result}}
• Study description including sampling frame and sample size
• Test used and its assumptions
• Target population of the intended claim: {{target_population}}

Constraints

• List conditions individually rather than as a generic assumptions paragraph
• Explicitly address whether the sampled population matches {{target_population}}
• Explain why p-values from different sample sizes are not directly comparable
• Do not restate the p-value as a hypothesis probability anywhere

Output Format

A conditions checklist with plausibility verdicts, followed by an extrapolation warning specific to {{target_population}}.

Quality Criteria

• All four condition classes covered
• Population mismatch addressed directly
• Sample-size dependence explained
• No hypothesis-probability language used